Grim Faces of Indian Revolutions for the Students

Students have often participated in social and political revolutions. Students have also gone on agitations to redress their grievances at the institutions of learning. In many parts of India, specially in West Bengal, the students and academicians have been both a great sustainer and victims of socialist  political revolution over the last six decades. 

But who takes care of the interest of the future generations of Indian students? It is only the learned educationists and the elite who have fought for future generation of students. For, the future students cannot be present when steps are to be taken to protect their interest.

Earlier in the 17-20^th century, rich elite and educationists combined to set up school, colleges and universities with support from the Government.  As the State (Governments) became all pervasive in most spheres of life, the Governments have taken charge of planning and implementation of projects for the future students. Since India’s independence, Governments have become the sole organizer of education in all aspects – from funding to setting up systems for teacher recruitment, facilities and infrastructure management, syllabus and curricula, examination and evaluation, admissions, text book publications and approval quality control, registration and governance of educational institutions as also other academic issues. Earlier the educationists and the philanthropic rich elite patronized the Governments: now the politicians and bureaucrats in the Government decide and control education of both the existing students and future generation of students through a system of patronizing professional educationists. As we approached the 21^st century, the governments have run out of monies to increase the supply of education in relation to the tremendous surge in the demand for education from primary stage to the post-graduate stage and research. The Government therefore allowed private sector enter the increasingly profitable business of manufacturing and selling education to students. But Government still continues to dominate the field of education n all spheres.

The most interesting area of education for Government’s participation in education is the area of continuous revolution in the systems of education. Soon after we had passed out of the primary school, the first major reform took place: the secondary school (class 5-10) got upgraded to higher secondary school (class 5- 11), the six year period of university education (two years each for intermediate, bachelors and master degree courses) was correspondingly reduced by a year (three years for a bachelors and two years for a masters degree). Thirty-years after I had graduated, my sons found they had o study one extra year (Class 12) to complete school education with two separate Boards conducting examinations at the ed of Class 10 (secondary terminal( and at 12 (higher secondary terminal). In the meanwhile the minimum age requirement to pass through each stage was increased. My father could have obtained a Master degree at the age of 18 or 19, I could have at the age of 20 0r 21 but my sons could not have obtained a Masters degree until they were 22 or 23.  The future generations of students were gifted additional two years of school life (not counting the current three-years at the pre-primary play cum education stage). A great contribution of the learned politicians, bureaucrats and educationists: they could not find any method or system by which the rapidly expanding knowledge could be absorbed by children in 16 years of formal schooling.

Maybe, the additional years at school has enhanced the quality of students after 10 years of schooling. I do not know about the recent 11^th Class school students: but I had seen that most of the matriculates (class 10 passed) of my fathers’ generation fluent in English, Bengali and Sanskrit languages and literature and excellent in arithmetic. Most of my fellow students in class 11 were weak in English and arithmetic. For a few generations of school students in Wet Bengal in the late 20^th century, English was a new language in class 8, thanks to the great education revolutionaries of the Government: we started picking up English from class1 at the primary school. English has recently returned to primary school after the first anti-English revolutionaries lost face with the results of their uprising against English: a few generations of Bengali students could not communicate and compete with other Indians of their age.

The pace of revolution in education has been quite fast and comprehensive in its coverage. There used to be a centralized extra examination optional for those who completed four years of primary school to compete for financial awards to the top performing students in our time. A few top students of different schools would take this examination, if not for the financial scholarship but for the honor. This examination has never been promoted or upgraded to most 9-10 old students: they now regularly compete in reality shows to win both popularity and prizes in performing arts shown on TV channels not promoted by Governments or educationists.

The education revolution mission was initially geared to (a) just get more kids into primary schools by expanding the network primary schools all over the country, (b) change the examination and evaluation systems, syllabus, text books, teachers’ training and recruitment standards in the secondary schools, and (c) expand the network of colleges and universities for higher education. With regard to primary education, the Government initiative resulted in many primary schools without teachers or adequate number of teachers or schools with shanty/ unkempt class rooms. But most rural students stayed away from primary schools. The education revolutionaries thought of a great idea of providing free mid-day meals to attract the kids to the schools. This part of the revolutionary strategy has worked well, though there are complaints of leakage of money and serving of sub-standard meals.

The revolutionary challenge with regard to secondary education was even tougher. Many children dropped out at different classes because their poor families did not want to the income contributed by the children in their teens and were not willing to spend money on education: the students who still attended schools irregularly failed in examinations, lost interest and dropped out. The revolutionary educationists found a solution: they first waived all school fees for girl students and then for all students, started proving free cycles to girl students, and where possible provide free or cheap text books, besides banning engagement of child labour in industry and trade. But still many children failed. The revolutionary educationists then thought of reducing the burden of education on the secondary school children. The six-year secondary school system was converted in phases to a system of five-year secondary schooling to be followed by a two-year higher secondary schooling. Further, the examination system was being changed to work towards higher frequency of class tests covering small modules of syllabus thus releasing the burden of having to deal with larger annual syllabus coverage at Annual examinations. Still, there were large failures, especially at the final class ten examination of the secondary stage and class twelve examination of the higher secondary stage where the students had to deal with syllabus coverage of two years teachings (class 9-10 and 11-12). The method of examination was therefore changed to make the secondary terminal examination with virtually all objective type question papers and syllabus-coverage limited to a single year (class 10 and class 12 only for respectively secondary and higher secondary).  Still the drop-out rate and the incidence of failure remained high. The education revolutionaries now have a master stroke idea to solve the drop-out problem by proposing the Right to Education Act to be legislated soon: failures would not restrict students from going to the higher classes: there would be no pass/fail examination in any classes from 5 to 11. A secondary student will automatically receive higher secondary education and will have the right to fail only at the final class 12 Examination. Some teachers are unhappy and are at a loss about how to deal the mix of students in any class where some students know what they were taught in the previous class and others do not know what was taught in the previous class. You may not know about Emperor Akhbar’s rule to study history of British India, but how do you learn to solve a two two-variable simultaneous equations without having understood how to solve a single variable equation or how to teach a student the measurement of volume of a cylinder when the student skipped the learning of measuring the area of a circle?  Quite a revolutionary environment for both teaching and learning in secondary and higher secondary schools will now be under test for few years.

For some time in the past, the revolutionary State-sponsored educationists had been experimenting with the Grading System by abandoning the marking system. A student does not get a score of 67 out of 100 or 457 out of 800 but get a grade A or A+. I understand the evaluation of examination papers were still done by giving numerical scores, but the final results sheet just mentioned the Grades and not the numerical scores (the numerical scores were converted in to grades: for example, numerical score of 35 or below were grouped as D grade meaning failure, scores above 90 are classified as Grade A+ and so on. The beauty of the Grading System is that it is more socialistic: there is no difference between a score of 25 and 34 and there is no difference between a score of 90 and 99. Now, it seems the new elite education revolutionaries want to go back to the Numerical Scoring System and abandon the Grading System. Education revolutionaries seem to enjoy periodic revolutions to achieve new things and then achieve the old gold things as well.

The teachers and educationists are not willing to abandon the concept of evaluation: students will continue to be evaluated at some stage or others by some method or other. For, they enjoy measuring the progress of students learning and rank them. But teachers and educationists do not want them to be ranked and graded. They dislike this very much. But bureaucrat education revolutionaries love to rank and grade those whom they lord over as financiers and regulators. So, evaluation of teachers is not done by the students or based on students’ feedback: such evaluation is done on the basis of years of experience in teaching, participation in continuing education programmes  for teachers, additional qualifications acquired (say, an additional Masters degree or a M.Phil/  Ph d degree) and research papers published. But these evaluations or raking of teachers is not made public: they are only used for the purpose of teacher appointments/ promotions to higher Grades of Pay.

Teachers therefore continue to enjoy the privilege of not being publicly ranked. But the academic institutions get ranked publicly. This is done by magazines and newspapers based on the information that they get from official documents and the schools themselves. But such evaluation and ranking has been limited largely to business schools in India and sometimes engineering colleges. But Universities and individual subject departments are not yet publicly ranked. Teachers do not like this. Rather, they find out reason why the Universities should not be ranked and compared. Recently, I came across an article by a retired economics Professor of Jahwarlal University in Delhi. He was very sad that Prof Amartya Sen, the only India economist Nobel Laureate had remarked that none of the Indian Universities finds place in the top 100 or 500 Universities internationally. He has argued that such ranking is unscientific, misleading and does not serve any purpose. He was not suggesting that there were no deficiencies of Indian Universities: indeed Indian universities suffer from weaknesses. But international ranking of universities are conceptually faulty. He argues that the present international ranking of the universities are based on criteria that may be appropriate to the societal context, consistent with the dominant ideology of free market competitive markets and perspectives in Western countries and based on the role model of fund-rich Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Universities and most inappropriate to evaluate the relative position of financially-starved Indian universities. He argues that Indian Universities have a role in Nation Building and they should be geared to education and research to solve India’s socio-economic problem in the context of India ideologies that seek to establish a socialistic, non-exploitative and egalitarian order.

The Prof’s arguments are good, conventional run-of-the-mill ideological prose but are devoid of any logic from any perspective. He argues the same way when Indians react to low credit rating of India or when the Americans get angry with the downgrade of US sovereign rating. Just because I think I am the best in my own way does not mean that there cannot exit standard methods independent of ideologies, societal expectations and socio-economic problems of different sections of the mankind at any point of time. If Indian universities in their great role of nation building could not do anything by way of teaching and research to stop unabated high corruption and dishonesty in India society over the last sixty years, how can they be any better than foreign universities? If the Indians continue to depend primarily on the progress of science and technology achieved by foreign universities to solve India’s socio-economic problems, how could the Indian universities assume that they cannot be compared with foreign universities? Indian come to know of what resources India has from foreign sources, what has the Indian universities been doing. Indian governments may have time to time established special universities to encourage academicians who sound socialistic and critique of capitalistic, competitive market economic system, does not mean that these universities have done anything worthwhile: these universities were essentially set up as a part of Indian politicians’ attempt to project their socialist credentials. The retired professor may feel bad at the end of his career that Indian universities, of which professors like him were eminent constituents, do not appear to be nowhere near to the top international universities in terms of quality. But it is only natural that the academicians who were led in to believing that they had a great role to play in laying the foundations of the future of India will feel hurt if at the end of the career they could not make their contribution felt in India while the foreign universities continue to make significant contributions to the countries they are located in as well as the entire mankind.

The generations of intellectuals and academic elite who have retired in the last thirty years or will retire in the next 20 years must face the reality that they were great failures as a group in making their impact felt in India or internationally. And, this is what gets reflected in the low international ranking of Indian universities. There is no point in trying to suggest that a different generally acceptable methodology of ranking would have helped Indian universities to be seen in much better light. There is also no point that in building up a new faith that Indian universities are a special class by themselves and cannot be scientifically compared with foreign universities. Everyone knows that trees are known by the fruits they yield.

Revolutions in Education in India may continue fast apace at the expense of tax payers, but continuing and prolonged revolutions by Government-sponsored bureaucratic and academic intelligentsia has so far not been able to show any signs of causing a great vibrancy and high-yielding transformation in the quality of the educated. If any thing, the most talented and outstanding academicians, researchers and educated professional and bureaucrats in India have established themselves not primarily because of the quality of Indian Universities but essentially because of their own efforts, determination and persistence.

Revolutions and Counter Revolutions: Shed Tears

The Third Tear For the Brave, Arrogant, Popular Leaders for the end of their oppression. First, Sadam, then Laden and now Gaddafi: all killers (or leaders of mass killing revolutions) of millions of innocents. Saddam was hunted out of his hiding after he gambled inviting the US to invade his country, given a trial by his enemies and then executed to implement the Court's award while the US forces ...still occupied Iraq. Stateless Laden was made to run from pace to place for life before he was killed inside his secret hideout and then his body buried in sea waters by a small group of US soldiers. Now Gaddafi bleeds to death after his own countrymen wounded and captured him through civil war aided by the NATO with strong US support.

 

When small tyrant heroes enjoying the best of comforts of life in the petroleum oil resouce rich region get vanquished by the Supreme Military power of World that they cherished to comfront, the intelligentsia and the middle-class in the poor World condem the US and shed a tear for the fallen, benevolent oppressive leaders. And, then ask who is the next target of the US? They know the answer: any one of anti-US foreign leader with a backgrond of of competence in mass killings who is still willing to venture into an open confrontation with the US.

 

Fortunately, the oppressive leaders in China and India use anti-US rehtoric speeches but do not confront US (rather they actively seek economic and trade ties with the US). Iran is subdued most of the time, North Korea has nothing to offerfor an effective anti-US confrontation except an aging, sick dictator and Pakistan cleverly arranging the anti-US leadership spread out in the vertices of a vibrant rectangle of elected political government, the more powerful military command, the clerics and the various jehadi, terrorist groups - making it impossible for the US to identify a single oppressive, US-confrontonist leader willing to fight the US militarily. Pakistan has a beautiful stratefy to keep the US busy with them all the time, offering official cooperation against terroism beyond its borders one day, warning the US of dire consequences of upsetting the clergy next day, the military command threating to use its Nuclear arsenal as suicide bombers on the third day and seeking help to control the local jehadis.

 

The third world intelligentsia must find out the next benevolentt, oppressive leader to confront the US military might publicly and continuosly for whom they can shed their next tear.

Lord Krishna got each and all of the arrogant Kaurava heroes who defied Him and identified them as against Krishna by standing under the flag of Duryodhan. At the end of the Kurushetra war, no intellectal or middle class was left to shed a tear!

In Peace With Corruption: Intelligent Pieces of Advice to Non-violent Revolutionaries

The virus of corruption has spread like cancer in the last sixty years. Indians have tolerated this with peace but some of them have difficulty in tolerating high value corruption of some of those in high offices. They recently joined a non-violent but highly emotionally charged agitation that could be the first phase of an anti-corruption revolution. Their leader Anna Hazare and his close aides have suggested a Jan Lokpal Bill be passed by the Parliament as a first step towards weeding out the vitality-debilitating virus of cancerous corruption.  Some of the Parliamentarians not sure if the suggested mechanism was indeed a practicable, harmless solution. They insisted that the suggestion was never tested earlier. So, considered it necessary to study the details and then come out with the most appropriate solution. Meanwhile, the virus spread to affect more than 99% of the denizens and undermined the vitality of the society.

       Fed up and disgusted with the inaction on introducing effective and comprehensive anti-corruption law for such a long period as 43 years, 75 year old Gandhian, Anna, gave an ultimatum that either the Jan Lokpal Bill on the lines suggested by him be passed before 15 August or he goes on indefinite hunger strike. Anna was put into jail and then released following public outcry. He went on with his fast at Ramlila grounds in Delhi. A larger number of emotionally highly charged citizens stood by Anna at the Ramlila. The Prime Minister and the leaders of other political parties became worried and entered into negotiations with Anna and his team to sort out the problem quickly. A deal was struck within 12 days: the Parliamentarians passed a resolution that Anna’s suggestions would be taken into account and the new effective Lokpal Bill would be formulated to meet three important Anna demands, viz, covering lower bureaucracy, specification of citizens charter specifying standards of services to be delivered to the citizens by government offices, and providing for suitable anti-corruption laws to be enacted at the state level.  With that resolution reflecting Parliamentarians promise, Anna broke his fast.

Troubles started thereafter. Some Parliamentarians accused some Anna team members of indecent remarks against the Parliamentarians during the period of negotiations and demanded appropriate action. But before the issue of the Privilege of the Parliament could be addressed, the media took a survey of the opinion of the various groups of the Intelligentsia. The Survey revealed that the great intellectuals of the country were:

(a)  Supportive of the Anna-team’s protest on a valid ground as the corruption virus had crippled the entire society,

(b)  disgusted with the unlawful form of the protest threatening with indefinite fast,

(c)  Dismayed with the Ann-team trying to undermine the superiority of Parliament by trying to force it into a particular action under duress,

(d)  Convinced that Anna’s Jan Lokpal Bill was impractical, costly and of limited effectiveness,

(e)  Amazed that that media gave so much importance to a protest organized by less     than 1% of the kingdom’s population,

(f)   Apprehensive of high probability of the Anna -type protest agitation being hijacked and captured by unidentified evil vested interests,

The survey also revealed that the learned wise men and women suggested

(g) the members of Anna-led anti-corruption agitation should better get elected as MPs first to get into the business of formulating and passing Anti-Corruption Laws,

(h) the banning of agitations calling for specific actions by the Parliament.

The intelligentsia also concluded that the virus of corruption exists every wherein the Universe, that weeding the virus out from any is a foolish dream and that the extent of spread of the virus depends on the inherent, non-violent tolerance of the citizens. Some viruses are better enjoyed rather than killing them.

Thereafter, the population of cancerous corruption virus felt happy that as the population of Indians increases, they would get scope for spreading further merrily.

Indiais Anti-corruption Revolution Needs to Sustain the First Phase Yet

Congratulations to all as the Parliamentarians complete their drama and satisfies Anna to end his fast scheduled 10 AM on August 28. That is but just a small win for Anna, his team and the people who have joined the anti corruption revolution as it entered the first phase. The struggle has just begun.

 

The younger generations will develop greater confidence now with the example of Anna and his team carrying out a non-violent movement to successfully enlist the enthusiasm of a large number of people who can afford to rise against the resistance of politicians and Parliamentarians for forty years to not let the Parliament to express the Will of the people. The supremacy of the Parliament was a vague and lame argument that the politicians and parliamentarians have been  trying to confuse the people with because they wanted corruption to continue to make their business flourishing. The Parliament is just a mere technical institution to reflect and act as per the will of the people: it cannot have a will of its own or supremacy over the will of the people. Individual Parliamentarians are only to act as servants of the people and cannot demand supremacy over the common man in democracy. These fundamental points have to be recognized by political parties and parliamentarians. They cannot claim the right, as they have been doing for the last 6 decades, to lord over the people like kings and monsobdars.

 

But do not be complacent or carried out by a small win in the War that is going to be prolonged and tougher. The anti-corruption revolution in India is still in its infancy and given the track record of the past, the political parties and parliamentarians can still fool the people as they have set for themselves an yet unspecified date to come out with the Lokpal Bill with the three basic principles to which they seem to have agreed: (a) covering the lower bureaucracy subject to Lokpal trial,(b) setting up citizens' charter to ensure that the govt. employees inflict on them personal financial loss due to their inefficiency, negligence and failure to meet standards of service delivery and (c) establishment of Lokayukts to deal with corruption and inefficiency of State government and local self-government employees.

 

In the future months, the political parties and trade unions will make all efforts to organise government employees at all levels to term a strong Lokpal Bill as draconian and organise counter anti-corruption agitations. The anti-corruption revolutionaries and supporters will have to nip the various efforts to sabotage the revolution by a few millions of government/ civic administration employees led by politicians and a section of parliamentarians to force a billion of Indian citizens to allow corruption to continue. There is lot of struggle ahead for the anti-corruption revolutionaries in the months ahead to even get the desired strong Lokpal Bill enacted. Anna, his team and other supporters of anti-corruption revolution must continue to be vigilant and ready for further non-violent struggle: new deadlines and targets must be set for the servants (parliamentarians) of the people which they must fulfil of face much wider, broader and prolonged non-violent agitation by the revolutionaries who have gathered together under the leadership of Anna Hazare.

 

Get prepared for a total and much stronger and more broad-based revolution, non-violent revolution, that people must carry on to root out the evil political philosophies that are crafted to ensure flourishing business of politicians and political parties only through corruption at the cost of the individual citizens, the Indian Nation and the Indian economy.

Indian Anti-Corruption Revolution Enters the First Phase

History of the current decade may record Anna Hazare and Ramdev as the leaders of the First Phase of Revolution against Corruption in India. They have come to use their personal integrity to give an expression to the section of Indian people who wishes to get rid of the six decades of corruption driven socio-economic environment so that their children and grand children are able to live with the honesty. For the first time in the last six decades a civil society movement against corruption has spread over many parts of the country signaling the break in the tolerance of the evil effects of widespread corruption in the country. Though some has dubbed this as an attempt of the new rich middle class to increase their power relative to the State / Government, the spontaneity of participation of huge number of people including youth and children shows that this is not just a class struggle of any type. It is just the beginning of the revolution and only a small percentage of people have participated and got enthused by the civil society action. Some others have expressed doubt that many among the current anticorruption revolutionaries may themselves be tainted by corruption, but that is exactly how the change occurs : dacoits turn Balmiki at some stage the same way as communist revolutionaries turn themselves into aristocratic life and leader of oppression of masses.

It will take a long time for the Revolution to get support of overwhelming majority of Indians. The habit of corrupt behaviour will take time to weaken and die. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries will suffer both repression and sabotage by the the design and maintenance engineers of India Corruption - the political parties of all varities from extreme left to the extreme right. Also, being the first of its kind a civil society sponsored pan-India, this revolution will be more guided by emotionary zeal and less by brain power that could give focus and direction to the Anti-Corruption Social Revolution. There will be disappointments and confusion about the Revolution for quite some time, but it is unlikely to die. The viability of the corruption driven society and economy has already eroded: its own dynamics points to the inevitable demise of the Indian system founded on corruption.

The nascent revolution suffers from a few serious deficiencies/ weaknesses. But these weaknesses are likely to get corrected as the revolution proceeds. The wrath is against a few big incidents of corruption by political leaders in nexus with bureaucrats and a few business persons. The immediate impact of the first phase of the revolution would be disruption in the political and governance process. A few corrupt or suspected corrupt people will get punished. A Lokpal Bill of some sort will be passed by the Parliament sooner or later when the political parties will no more be able to delay-dally because of the loss of their credibility. That the Lokpal Bill is not getting passed soon is partly because of the leaders of the Revolutionaries: they are all directing their anti-corruption agitations only against the government of the day. This is ridiculous: all political parties are the army of protecting Corruption.  The agitations should have been aimed at all political parties and hunger strikes should have been organised in the front of offices of all political parties in the Capital cities throughout India. To begin with the drama at the Ramlilla ground is ok. But this would be serious weakness if the revolution has to spread and become effective.

The second weakness of the first phase of the Anti-Corrution revolution  in this current first phase is the emotion driven brains that belive that corruption can be legislate out.  Soon the revolutionary leaders will realise that if honesty cannot be legislated in to the Nation, Corruption cannot be legislated out. The emphasis on Lokpal Bill will only handicap the spread of revolution.  The cure for corruption lies not in creating another special detecting and trial agency to weed out and punish corrupt people in the positions of power. The real cure lies in designing and implementing a political and economic system that minimises the scope/ opportunity of corruption. Emphasis should now move on to radical downsizing of the discretionary powers in the political and government processes and on real time on-line transparency of all discretionary powers excercised by all political and government decision making individuals and groups: make public all details for any decision taken as soon as the decision-making process starts in respect of each decision till the decision is taken. This is the system that willultimately rule the World: the quicker India adopts this system the better for corruption eradication.

The third weakness of the current phase of the anti-corruption revolutionaries is  its focus on the surveillance, investigation, trial and punishment of corrupt prime ministers, ministers, government officers and judges. This is too narrow a target for corruption to be eliminated. Soon, politicians will argue that corruption has at least two parties - one giver of bribe and another receiver of bribe and hence the giver of bribes, especially the companies should be brought into the fold of Lokpal. And revolutionaries in their zeal will accept that suggestion and we will be back to square one. Revolutionaries must recognise that as soon the bribe giver is taken as a target, bribe receivers will get scot free most of the time as it is now. If the revolution has to succeed then it is the bribe taker who will be at fault for three reasons: (a) abusing official position/ power to favour someone or discriminate against some other, (b) taking bribe/ consideration/ favour from the any party through grant of favour or through threatening discrimination/ or other sufferring/ extortion, and (c) allowing some one to bribe. Those who give bribe should not be treated as an offence as it will be presumed that bribe giving was forced by the bribe giver.

The fourth weakness of the current phase of revolution is its focus on Delhi and big rally grounds / parks there. If corruption has to be eradicated the DDT of hunger strike and rallies should take place as and when corruption eggs are hatched in the millions of offices of the Government of India, state Governments and local self governments to the district and panchyat levels and police posts along the hoghways through which goods carrier trucks have to move. Civil society's anti-corruption revolutionaries need to spread their organisation at the grass roots level where corruption is a daily affair affecting crores of people and demoralising the future generations. The revolutionaries need to have their own intelligece network to carry out surprise DDT spraying at the point of the birth of a corruption incident. I am not suggesting that this would be necessary ebvery where for each incident of corruption but such surprise attacks should be spread out enough to scare the potential corrupt. Getting the corrupt caught and attacked red-handed is what will enthuse people to become the army of honesty to fight the army of corruption that includes millions of small bribe takers and political party sponsored, police/ administration supported musclemen extortionist.

A final weakness of Anti-Corruption revolutionaries is its leaders reluctance to spread the message that Anti-Corruption Revolution by the civil society is fundamental Constitutional Obligation, one of the most patriotic acts and the most socialist and emocratic democratic right of the citizens of India. Revolutionaries need to counter the branding the political parties build. Citizens must get to believe that elected political representatives are no more important than civil society leaders if the latter have mass support for their revolution against failure of elected  political representatives fail to deliver in time what the society wants. Elected representatives have just five-year terms: civil society leaders have terms till they loose popolar mass support for a national, societal cause.

A successful revolution against corruption is not going to be an easy task to organise, lead and direct. It is not going to be a quick battle. It is going to be long war and the revolutionaries must be more competent and intelligent than Corruption Army's and  spies. In all likelihood the current phase driven more by emotions will create the turmoil that would draw more and more citizens to join the revolution and make it more objective-oriented and comprehensive in its attempt to weed out corruption from the roots. That is the process through which the next phase of the anti-corruption revolution would begin probably in 1914. The sinosidial curve of corruption is now very close to its peak: it is about to burst by its own deadweight burden paving its juorney downhill. We are merely waiting for the tipping point.

Long live the Anti-corruption Revolution. Short live the defense of corruption! Let Anti-Corruption emotions gather powerful brains, ears, eyes and limbs as fast as possible!

The First Transnational Fugitive Revolutionary: Extinguished in Asylum Hideout

Yes, U(O)SAma bin Laden met his grave in thr deep sea according to Obama's United States of America which flew its radar-invisible copters into his million-dollar modern-fortress-like  high-walled, barbed hideout compound in a small town 40 miles off Pakistan's capital of Islamabad to ambush and capture inmates and shoot resistant bin Laden resisting in  his bed room in the three-storied building a few hundred feet away from Pakistan's defence training establishment.  The US Navy Seals arranged for Laden's burial in the deep seas where the  Sea Seals live.

The first reaction to the news announced of the world's most wanted terrorist by the Peace Prize winning US President Barrack Obama was one of awe or complete disbelief.  No one could get convinced that the USA could spread a lie of such huge proportions. Nor has anyone been prompt enough to release a bin laden video showing that he was still alive (one needs at least a week to find the original  bin Laden speaking again). For most Westerns, there was a great sigh of relief with most Americans an additional sense of satisfying pleasure of having taking revenge on a fleeing coward terrorist leader. For a large part of the Islamic community, a sigh of relief from embarrassment and suspicion by others about their tacit support to terrorist killing of non-Muslims around the World.  For a large section of the Islamic World,  there could be complete sense of disbelief and suppressed agony of a fairy-tale icon, superior to Saddam Hussein, vanishing in water along with their sense of pride. For some leaders of the Muslim community, especially in India, there is an additional sense of grief, besides anger against the US arrogance reflected in hunting out Obama bin Laden to shoot him and bury him in the water: they had never imagined such a tragic end of their revolutionary hero.

Yes, ObL was indeed the first Translational Revolutionary: he was the first revolutionary with citizenship in the minds and hearts of Muslim and anti-American citizens of the World across nations and countries. He is the first revolutionary leader who caused a revolution that rocked various nations simultaneously. He was, of course, a jihadi but not one of those of the run-of-the mill variety - he revolted against the entire Western World with focused attention on humiliating the Super-power USA. He operated from outside his country of birth with followers all across the Globe and  a commando force operating from mainly Afghanistan and Pakistan. He caused the great revolution that occurred in the Security and Intelligence Industry worldwide with scientists and technologists in the area of Internet, telecommunications, and  hunting for a few needles in a worldwide haystack. He caused a revolution in the way that the nations look at security of borders, people and property all over the world. He has caused a great and painful transformation in the way air transport services are organised.

Yet, he lived  the life of a fugitive billionaire, chased away by the army of lions whose tails he had chosen to play with. He had ultimately had to be operating in the captivity of those who would use him as an instrument for extracting monies from the Super-powers in the West and Super-rich in the Islamic World. He was a great preacher and inspiration for those who dreamt of an Islamic Globe shorn of all that is non-Islamic much the same way that Hitler dreamt of a World without any trace of anything that did not meet his test of purity.  And, finally got simply killed in his own den that the beneficiaries of his clever captors could no longer hide from the lions committed to avenging his thrust for human lives. He breathed his last with bullets in the chest and head leaving six wives, 19 children and billions of followers and sympathisers to mourn for him and one of his sons who also got killed in the attack of the lions flying out oft he sea.  Despite whatever good and bad he has done to the World at large, he is still regarded as an iconic religious person among the Muslim community ( just as the Emperor Aurangzeb was a great religious man as compared with his ancestor, Emperor Akbar both of whom ruled the major part of the Indian sub-Continent in the last millennium. If one is religious enough, the World still respects you irrespective of the sign and the magnitude of contribution that you make to the society.

ObL is no more. Does this create a vacum? Yes, it does in four ways. The al Qaida needs a supremo. Can his lieutenant, second in command really replace him? Will the new leader be able to enjoy the same halo / charisma required of an iconic figure like ObL? Or, will al Qaida be led by the unseen, felt in blood soul and spirit of the idea that ObL meant for the al Queda? Time will tell how al Qaida will work its life through.
Second, the dream of the planet of only Muslims would need a living human icon? Will a replacement of ObL emerge? And, where - in Afghanistan, Pakistan or Iran or somewhere else? Within al Qaida or within Taliban or within Mujahudeen? How would such a icon emerge when the revolutions continue in some form or other in Egypt, Libya, Yemen, Tunisia and other places where there is resentment against monarchies? We have to wait for a while: for most of these revolutions are still contrary to a transnational Islamic revolution that Obl personified.

Third, Pakistan has lost a treasure with ObL's departure. Collaborating with US counter-terrorism focused on the hunt for ObL could bring in billions of dollars so long as ObL could be hidden and not found by the US. That period is over. Pakistan needs another such treasure. Can Pakistan create one new treasure that would make the US consider as the new most wanted and make it play hid and seek game in the wide terrain from Pakistan to Afghanistan, from Arab kingdoms to Arab lands afflicted by mass revolutions, from Syria to Iran to Myanmar, and from Kashmir to Iran? How would the clever and intelligent Pak military junta create another billions-spinning trap for the high-brow US?

Fourth, the US needs a replacement for ObL that gave them a decade and multi-billion dollar opportunity to prove their mettle and win. What about the future? Part one of George Bush's theory has been proved by Obama: the US would find out and kill the Evil that caused her any harm however much time that may take. Will be interested in proving that again and again every decade? Or. will Obama proceed to prove part two of Bush's theory that those who harbour the Evil would be punished? US now knows who harboured the Evil. What is its program now on punishing the country that sheltered ObL within its territories for years together, embarrassing the US special agencies again and again with ObL's video-tapes shown to the whole world? Will the intelligently clever Pak military men be able to fool the gusty American intelligence again?

There are. of course, a few theories available. First, the Obama Pledge and The Economist Health Prescription. Obama promised pull out of American forces from Iraq and Afghanistan. With the celebrations over the gutsy, heroic feat of capturing and terminating the Numero Uno individual Enemy of the American Nation, the US should consider shifting to a more non-aggressive and inexpensive strategy of demonstrating international political and military supremacy of the US. This would be consistent with the economists' call for eliminating the key imbalances in the US economy to create conditions for sustainability of economic supremacy of the US and in the process be able to pursue international political-military supremacy from a position of economic strength rather than allow China to get economic strength enough to beat the US both economically and politically. The economists are calling for radical redeployment of resources from military and international political projects to projects for eliminating high burden of debt, chronic budget deficits and current account deficits, fund pension liability deficits and health care benefit-cost deficiency and at the same time lift domestic investment and employment growth. Will the US heed to this advice?

Or, will the US fall prey to the Chinese-Pakistani laid trap of continuing with low and slow yielding international poliical supremacy strategy at the cost of draining out the US economic might.  The more the Us deploys its resources in international political, military supremacy policy, the weaker her economy becomes with greater gains to Pakistan' s military Junta and the Chinese Communist dictatorship. Pakistan would continue to create irresistible attraction of its falling prey to China  or Iran which the US would not be able to resist and handover dollars to Pakistani military junta and China would be happy to see the US remaining entangled in the Pakistani love-hate relationship that would guarantee sustainability to both terrorism and bleeding of US economy. Or, will the US leave Pakistan to its own fate allowing Pakistanis to muster courage to build democracy, leave Afghanistan to fend for itself- restricting US to only Drone driving along the Afghan- Pakistan border and Taliban-concentration belts?
We could wait and see if Pakistani tail wags the US body as in the past.

Meanwhile, the mystery of US Navy Seal Six Operation will continue to haunt millions of intelligent minds in the media. The Chinese theory would be that the Pakistanis were forced to allow US helicopters fly in and destroy ObL once the US became 60%-80% sure of ObL hiding in Pakistani- arranged shelter and thereby roving to be a great ally to the US in exchange of billion dollars of future flows to Pakistan. Obama struck a good deal to improve his popularity. Pakistanis may feign ignorance as per the deal.  The alternative theory is that Pakistan has signed into yet another deal with the US to allow Pakistan to be another US base to deter China. Beyond these theories, people would be anxiously waiting for another Hollywood film to rationalise the Navy Seal Copper Adventure and fictions that starts from the early morning horror in Obl Den and traces what happened to the inmates of the ObL Den and ObL's wives and children. Good entertainment business out of a great revolution ushered in by Osama bin Laden,

11. Revolutions Survey: Impressionistic Conclusions

The preceding 10 posts would tend to give rise to the following impressions:
1 Recording of Revolutions has improved over tho millenniums and centuries.
2. The Incidence of recorded Revolutions has shown a continuous secular uptrend from about one revolution in 50 years during the 500 years before Christ to one in 25 years in the first millennium to one in 17 years in the first half of the second millennium, to one in 4 years during the 16th -17th centuries, to one in 3 years in the 18th century, to one in 15 months during the 19th century, to one in 5 months in the 20th century and finally to one in four months in the first 123 months of the third millennium.
3. Revolutions have been identified as one time, sudden expression f uprising/ revolt reflecting anger and frustration experienced/ felt by groups of people against their oppressors, often a monarch, a royal family/ dynasty or oligarchy, a dictator or dictatorial political party or military junta.
4. Often revolutions were bloody: only rarely would a revolution be completely or substantially bloodless.
5. Many a time revolutions have been crushed by the muscle / technically superior power of the oppressors.
6. Sometimes, the revolutions were successful in overthrowing the oppressors from the positions of power.
7. Sometimes. the oppressors wereultimately driven out through repeated revolutions over a number of years or even decades.
8. Occasionally, revolutions were peaceful, non-violent mass protests. Even some  of these have been successful.
9. Revolutions have been generally led by persons/ groups/ parties who would ultimately prove themselves to be clever seekers of power to rule over others and oppressive: some such revolutionary background oppressors had to be dislodged through subsequent revolutions. Revolutionaries of period T became counter-revolutionary oppressors in period T+1 or T+2.
10. The oppressors, whether they were monarchs, members of royal families or oligarchies leaders of previous revolutions have proved to be equally cruel and oppressive.
11. Oppressors could be foreigners or natives and in the role of oppression both were equally effective.
12. Colonialism and imperialism have been based as much on muscle power and cruelty as on the expansionism of military juntas, communist revolutionary leaders or communist parties.
13. Even after the rapid pace of decolonisation and decline of the imperialistic powers,  the rise of communism and socialism,  and spread of democratic / republic constitutions, severe oppressions and exploitations by national heroes and the national political parties had continued unabated in the poorer countries in Asia including China and Japan, the Arab World, the East European countries and Russia, South America and Africa.
14. The Revolutions have always been localised and against the ruling class oppressors, domestic or foreign but increasingly oppressions have become the privy of musclemen in regions, cities, towns and villages leading to revolutions that do not get reported/ highlighted in the media and hence often do not get documented in the list of revolutions.
15. Rulers have evolved a geographically distributed chain of hierarchies to continue their oppression. Also, the Oppressors have networked themselves more strongly to put down rebellion, revolt and revolution  emerging in small pockets. Still revolts and revolutions occur, even if the powers of the State including State's armed police and military forces along with the loyal musclemen cadres are easily used to crush the revolts and revolutions.
16. Whether they succeed or not, oppressed people / groups suddenly give vent to their anger and frustrations when their sufferings due to the oppressions tests their great power to tolerate oppressions for fear.
17. Competing, potential oppressors are always on the look out for opportunities to grab the leadership position of the people about to revolt and organise revolutions. The oppressed peoples therefore succeed in overthrowing the extant oppressors only to await oppressionto be inflicted on them by the persons or groups who led their revolutions.
18. Leading emerging revolutions have become an attractive and growing business for existing and potential future oppressors. Ideologies and cause of the common people have become the cover for the oppressors to take advantage of revolutions to build up their future of prosperity and power over others.
19.Despite all these being in the knowledge of the oppressed people, they continue to fly into trap of revolution only to fall prey to the leaders of revolutions.
20. Revolutions have become part of life and an onerous burden of the common people: just as the planets are trapped in revolutions around the sun, the elementary particles wander from one orbit to another, human beings are crushed in and between revolutions.

10. Revolutinary Beginning of the Third Millennium

The third millennium has begun with brisk revolutionary activities: in the first 123 months, 40 revolutions have been recorded (30 in the first decade, 4 in 2010 and 6 in the first two months of 2011) – an average of about one revolution every 4 months.

All these revolutions have little to do with agitation against colonialism or imperialism but more do with one or more of these factors: complete lack of governance or oppression by domestic governments and separatist armed movements by small extremists groups in respective localities. The United States armed forces are physically present in two countries, Iraq and Afghanistan, where different islamic factions are even now figting among themselves to captre State power and probably set up another oppressive government.

The revolutions listed include the Second Intifada, a continuation of the First Intifada, between Palestinians and Israel, the bloodless Bulldozer Revolution to overthrow the Slobodan Milošević's régime in Yugoslavia, the 2001 Macedonia conflict, the Taliban insurgency following the 2001 war in Afghanistan that crushed the Taliban rule,  Taliban rule, the peaceful  2001 EDSA Revolution ousting Philippine President Joseph Estrada after the collapse of his impeachment trial, failed counter rebellion to bring the former President to power in Phillipines, the Rose Revolution to displaces the president of Georgia, Eduard Shevardnadze, the Iraqi insurgency by varius groups against continued presence of US forces in Iraq, the Darfur rebellion led by the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM/A) and the Justice and Equality Movement, the Shi'ite Uprising against the US-led occupation of Iraq, the Orange Revolution in Uhrine,  a failed rebellion in Azerbaijan, the Naxalite insurgency in India, the Cedar Revolution demandind the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon, the Tulip Revolution to overthrow the President of Kyrgyzstan, the 2006 democracy movement in Nepal, the 2006 Oaxaca protests demanding the removal of Ulises Ruiz Ortiz, the governor of Oaxaca state in Mexico. the Mexican Drug War, the Civil war in Ingushetia, the Second Tuareg Rebellion in Niger, the Burmese anti-government protests, including the Saffron Revolution of Burmese Buddhist monks, 2008 Shiite uprising in Basra, violent  attempt in Lanao del Norte in the Philippines by Moro Islamic Liberation Front led by Kumander Bravo and Umbrfa Kato, the Green Movement in Iran, demanding the resignation of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the 2009 Bangladesh Rifles revolt took place in Dhaka, Bangladesh killing 57 army officers and the Saucepan revolution bringing down the Icelandic government

The year 2010 witnessed the Kyrgyzstani uprising, Riots in Bangkok, Tunisia Potests and son followed the revolutions in Arab countries like Egypt, Yemen, Algeria, Jordan and Sudan: so far only the 30 year regime of Mubarak of the republic of Egypt has ended with temporary army rule to pave the way for free and fair eections soon.

9. Revolutions During 1950-1999.

The incidence of revolutions remained high during the second half of the 19th century: with about 125 revolutions in 50 years, the record was roughly one revolution every 5 months - the same as in the first half of the century. A glance through the list of revolutions would show that revolutions after 1970 were less against British colonialism as decolonisation started in the 1940s at a rapid rate but more against socialistic/ communist imperialism, monarchies and dictators in countries liberated from colonialism as well as against colonialism of the French, Spain, United States, Japan, Soviet Russia and China. Many countries faced continuous revolutions and counter-revolutions and coup by millitary juntas being very common. Revolutions also reflected urge for separate countries within a single states. There were revolutions both for conversions into Islamic and Communist States as well as for conversion to non- Islamic and non-communist states.

The 1950s saw the National Party of Puerto Rico revolt to secure independence from the US, the revolutionary Algerian War of Independence against French colonialism, Mau Mau Uprising in Bolivia for multiparty democracy, the Rosewater Revolution in Lebanon, the failed attack on Moncada military barracks in Santiago of Cuba by Fidel and Raul Castro’s party, the Vorkuta uprising in Vorkuta, the Kengir uprising in the Soviet prison labor camp, the Uyghur uprising against Chinese rule in Hotan, the Guerrilla war against British colonial rule of Cyprus, the First Sudanese Civil War for and against more regional autonomy, the Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro, the Border Campaign led by the Irish Republican Army against the British, along the border of the independent Republic of Ireland and British Northern Ireland, the Hungarian Revolution, a failed workers' and peasants' revolution against the Soviet-supported communist state in Hungary, the Tibetan rebellions against Chinese rule in Amdo and Kham, a popular revolt in Venezuela against military dictator, the Iraqi Revolution led by nationalist soldiers for abolishing the British-backed monarchy and for country's independence from Cold War power blocs, the failed Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule and the flight of the Dalai Lama and revolt against the Tutsi king of Rwanda in Hutu.  

The revolutions witnessed during the 1960s included an unsuccessful officials led revolt to depose Emperor Haile in Ethiopia, the Eritrean War of Independence of Isaias Afewerki against Ethiopia, the Angolan War of Independence of Portugal's Overseas Province of Angola, the leftist African Party led revolutionary war for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde from the Portuguese Guinea, the military coup of 1962 in Burma, a revolution in northern Yemen against the imam and establishment of the Yemen Arab Republic, the Bale revolt in southern Ethiopia, the Zanzibar Revolution t overthrow the 157 year old monarchy, the Rhodesian Bush War in Zimbabwe Rhodesia tat would soon lead to the formation of the Republic of Zimbabwe, the October Revolution in Sudan forcing President Ibrahim Abboud to transfer executive power to a transitional civilian government, Mozambican Liberation Front’s  guerrilla war against Portuguese colonialism,  the Colombian Armed Conflict, the March Intifada by the Leftist demanding an end to the British presence in Bahrain, Coup d'état in  Ghana, a guerrilla warfare conducted against the government of François Tombalbaye, the Ulster Volunteer Force of militant Protestant British loyalists in Northern Ireland waging war against the Irish Republican Army and the Roman Catholic community at large, Iraqi communists insurgency in southern Iraq and the unsuccessful fight by the former eastern Nigeria for a breakaway republic of Biafra, after the mainly Ibo people of the region suffered pogroms in northern Nigeria.

The period also saw the declared beginning of the Naxalite Movement in India, Anguillans’ declaration of independence from the British colony of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla, the revolution in the Republic of Congo, Student protests and riots in Egypt in the wake of the Six-Day War leading to the ratification of the March 30 Program to deepen democratic processes, the May 1968 revolt by the students and workers revolt against the government of Charles de Gaulle in France, a coup by Juan Velasco Alvarado in Peru, followed by radical social and economic reforms, a failed attempt by leader Alexander Dubček to liberalise Czechoslovakia in defiance of the Soviet-supported communist state, the Ireland Troubles following the Provisional Irish Republican Army and other Republican Paramilitaries  joint armed campaign against British Security forces and Loyalist Paramilitaries in an attempt to bring about a United Ireland, a mass movement of workers, students, and peasants in Pakistan forcing the resignation of President Mohammad Ayub Khan, Somalia's multiparty system supplanted by a military socialist government, Communist insurgency by the New People's Army in the Philippines, the Days of Rage uprising by 300 students in Chicago.

The 1970s witnessed a rebellion in Guinea by alleged Portuguese agents, the Bangladesh Liberation War led by the Mukti Bahini establishing the independent People's Republic of Bangladesh from Pakistan, a military-led revolution against the civilian government of President Philibert Tsiranana in the Malagasy Republic,  End of monarchy and establishment of a republic in Afghanistan, Worker-student demonstrations in Thailand forcing a short period of democratic constitutional rule, a revolution in Ethiopia, the Carnation Revolution against right-wing dictatorship in Portugal, the Western Sahara War of the Sahrawi national liberation movement against the armies of their neighbours, Morocco and Mauritania, who have entered the territory when the Spanish colonizers troops fled, a revolution in Cambodia. a revolution in Laos by guerrilla forces against the monarchy, Coup led by young military officers and the Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur RahmanSaur Revolution led by the Khalq faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan deposes and kills President Mohammad Daud Khan, the New Jewel Movement led armed revolution in Grenada, the popular overthrow of the Somoza dictatorship by progressive/Marxist Nicaraguan Revolution, the Iranian Revolution that removed the Shah, resulting in the formation of Islamic republic of Iran and the Cambodia  liberation from the Khmer Rouge regime by the Vietnam-backed Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party.

In the 1980s, there were revolutions like National Socialist Council of Nagaland’s separatist struggle against India, the Santo Rebellion in the Anglo-French condominium of New Hebrides, the Communist Party led internal conflict in Peru, revolt against assassination of Ziaur Rahman and General Hussain Muhammad Ershad seizing power through a bloodless coup, deposing president Abdus Sattar in Bangladesh, an on-and-off insurgency against the Government of Sri Lanka by the LTTE, the Second Sudanese Civil War largely as a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War, Kurdish uprising for independence from the Republic of Turkey, revolution led by pro-independence FLNKS forces in New Caledonia against the French, the Soviet and Afghanistan P.O.W. uprising against their captors at Badaber base, the People Power Revolution peacefully removing Ferdinand Marcos after his two decade rule in the Philippines, the Khalistan Commando Force’s armed movement for the establishment of independent state for the Sikhs in India, the First Intifada  Palestinian uprising, the Pan-Armenian National Movement freeing  Armenia from Soviet rule the 1988 Uprising in Burma or Myanmar, the armed resistance in the Kashmir valley against the government in India, the Singing Revolution leading to bloodless overthrow of communist rule in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the violent Caracazo riots in Venezuela, the Tienanmen Square protests of 1989 led by students, intellectuals and labour activists in the People's Republic of China between 15 April and 4 June 1989. the bloodless Velvet Revolution ending the communist regime in Czechoslovakia, the Romanian Revolution kills the dictator Nicolea Ceausescu and his wife, Elena Ceausescu in the Socialist Republic of Romania and the demonstrations in East Germany leading to the fall of the Berlin Wall and subsequent re-unification of Germany in the 1990s.

The revolutions in the 1990s include the United Liberation Front of Asom’s violent activities for separating the state of Assam from India, the successful anticommunist National Democratic Revolution in Albania, the Log Revolution in Croatia triggering the Croatian War of Independence, the First Tuareg Rebellion in Niger and Mali, the Kurdish uprising against Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, the Shiite Uprising in Karbala of Iraq, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front rebellion bringing an end to the Ethiopian Civil War, the Bosnian War of Independence, an Afghan uprising against the Taliban by United Islamic Front, the Shiite-led rebellion for the restoration of democracy in Bahrain, the Zapatista Rebellion in Mexican state of Chiapas demanding equal rights for indigenous peoples and in opposition to growing neoliberalism in North America, the First Chechen Rebellion against Russia, an Islamic movement in Afghanistan led by the Taliban established Taliban rule, the 1997 rebellion in Albania sparked by Ponzi scheme failures, the Kosovo Rebellion against Yugoslavia, the Bolivian revolution leading to the election in Venezuela of socialist leader Hugo Chávez, the Indonesian Revolution of 1998 resulting in  the resignation of President Suharto after three decades of the New Order period, the Second Chechen Rebellion against Russia and the Iran student protests against the Islamic regime of Iran.

8. Revolutions During 1900-1949

The first half of the 20^th century recorded about 125 revolutions, increasing the incidence of revolutions to one revolution every 5 months. More than 60 % of the World population became independent and/ or communist / socialist republics during these 50 years.

During the 12 years 1903-14 , there were 13 revolutions: the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising of the Macedonians in the Ottoman Empire, a liberal revolution in Paraguay, the failed bourgeois-liberal revolution against Tsar Nicholas II in Russia, the Persian/Iranian constitutional revolution, the Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, the Young Turk Revolution to force the autocratic ruler to restore parliament and constitution in the Ottoman Empire, the Mexican Revolution that drove out the dictator Porfirio Díaz and gave power to Institutional Revolutionary Part, the republican revolution in Portugal, the Sokehs Rebellion in German-ruled Micronesia, the Xinhai Revolution that ended the rule of Qing Dynasty and established the Republic of China, the Ten Days War in Colarado between irregular forces of coal miners using dynamite and rifles on one side and mine guards deploying machine guns, cannon and aircraft on the other till the  federal troops intervened, the Boer Revolt against the British in South Africa, the Revolt of Peasants of Central Albania and the Armenian Revolt in city of Van against the Ottomans in Turkey.

The period 1916- 1928 wutnessed an acceleration in the incidence of revolutions: 46 revolutions in just 13 years. These were mostly freedom struggles and included the Easter Rising in Dublin, Ireland to proclaim the Irish Republic,  an anti-French uprising in Algeria, the Central Asian Revolt against Russian Empire government withdrawing exemption of Muslims from military service, the Tuareg rebellion against French colonial rule around Aïr Mountains of northern Niger, the Arab Revolt seeking independence from the Ottoman Empire, the Irish War of Independence, the continuing Indian people's struggle against the British for Indian Independence, the French Army Mutinies, the February Revolution to overthrow Tsar Nicholas II in Russia, the Green Corn Rebellion takes place in rural Oklahoma, the Great October Revolution in Russia with the Bolshevik seizure of power and the establishment of the Soviet Union, sparking the Russian Civil War, the Finnish Civil War, the Christmas Uprising in Montenegro against unification of Kingdom of Montenegro with Kingdom of Serbia, the Wilhelmshaven mutiny, the German Revolution against the Kaiser and the establishment of the Weimar Republic, the wave of strikes and student unrest in Peru, the Greater Poland Uprising against German authoritie, the Georgian-Ossetian conflict , the Ukrainian Revolution, the Third Russian Revolution, a failed anarchist revolution against Bolshevism, the Basmachi Revolt against Soviet Russia rule in Central Asia, the Euphratesqi Revolt, Iraq against British and British-Indian troops, the Tambov peasant Rebellion against the Bolshevik regime during the Russian Civil War, the Silesian Uprisings of the ethnic Poles against Weimar rule, the Turkish War of Independence commanded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the German Revolution, a short-lived revolution to create Hungarian Soviet Republic, the Pitchfork Peasant Uprising  against the Soviet policy of the war communism, Gandhi led Non-cooperation movement against the British in India, the Battle of Blair Mountain of coal miners in West Virginia, the Kronstadt rebellion of Soviet sailors against the government in Russia, the Revolt of Mirdita declaring the independence of Republic of Mirdita, the Yakut Revolt in (Outer) Mongolia re-establishing her independence and setting up a Soviet-style socialist state, the Moplah rebellion of South Indian muslims and Hindu landlords in Malabar against the British by Mappila Muslims, the Irish Civil War, between supporters of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the government of the Irish Free State and more radical members of the original Irish Republican Army who opposed the treaty and the new government, the Bajram Curri attacks on gendarmerie ofAlbania, the final founding of the Republic of Turkey, the Klaipėda Revolt in the Memel territory that had been detached from Germany after World War I, the Sheikh Said Rebellion, the July Revolution in Ecuador, the Syrian Revolution against French Mandate, rebellion of catholic peasants of Dukagjin, Shkoder, the National Revolution in Portugal, the Cristero War in Mexico against anti-clerical government policy, Indonesian Communist Party rebellion against colonialism and imperialism of Dutch Hindie, the KMT Military rebellion in Nanchang  after the end of the first Kuomintang-Communist alliance, the Kurdish Rebellion against Turkey, a rebellion against the United States presence in Nicaragua.

Revoltionary spirit seemed to spread all over the World involving all developed countries, major Asian countries, Arab land, and South America.

As the peoples start fighting against colonial rulers, they themselves disintegrated into pieces trying to set up separate countries so far held together as one large British colony. The Communists of Russia set on an territorial expansion of communism, even as communities in different parts resisted such attempts. Turky's territorial expanse got progressively curtailed. Spain, Portugal and the British started facing increasing rebellious activity in their colonies.

During the 1930s there were the Brazilian Revolution, the Salt Satyagraha non-violent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India, the Constitutionalist Revolution against the provisional president and a short civil war in Brazil, the Aprista revolt in Trujillo, Peru, the Salvadoran peasant uprising, the Siamese coup d'état "Promoters Revolution" ending absolute monarchy in Thailand, the popular revolution against Cuban dictator Gerardo Machado,  the worker- radical socialists and anarchists coups in the Spain, a  revolt against government in North Albania. an uprising against government and King Zog in Fier and Lushnje, the Febrerista Revolution ended oligarchic Liberal Party rule in Paraguay, General Francisco Franco led coup leading to Spanish Civil War and the Spanish Revolution,  Arab revolt in Palestine attempts to gain control from the British and stop the jewish immigration from european countries to palestine, Revolution leading to "military socialism" in Bolivia, the Dersim Kurdish rebellion in Turkey, the "Jornadas de Mayo" workers' revolution in Catalonia and the Revolt of Delvina against King Zog.

1940s witnessed the Insurgency in Chechnya, Mohammad Ali Jinnah led struggle for a separate state for the Muslims of India, the June Uprising against the Soviet Union in Lithuania, Yugoslav People's Liberation War against the Axis Powers, the Greek Resistance, Sri Lankan soldiers-organized Cocos Islands Mutiny unsuccessfully attempting to transfer the islands to Japanese control, the destruction of the German garrison, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, the uprising at Treblinka extermination camp, the uprising at Sobibór extermination camp, the Woyane Rebellion in northern Ethiopia , the Italian Resistance Movement against the Fascist Italian Social Republic, the Guatemalan Revolution by militery officers against the dictator, the Warsaw Uprising attempting to liberate Warsaw from German occupation and Nazi rule, the Paris Uprising against the German Paris garrison, the Slovak National Uprising against Nazi Germany, the uprising at Auschwitz extermination camp, formation of the People's Republic of Albania, the Greek Civil War, the Forest Brothers Rebellion in Baltic states against Soviet Union, the anti-communist revolt in Eastern Europe in Koplik, Albania led by bayraktars and intellectuals,

After these there were the Indonesian National Revolution against Dutch after their independence from Japan, the Prague uprising against German occupation, the August Revolution led by Ho Chi Minh declaring the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from French rule, a democratic revolution in Venezuela, the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny in Bombay spreading to different parts of British India, demanding Indian independence, an anti-communist forces in Albania, a local revolt against officials accused of rigging local elections in Athens, the civil war in Paraguay, communist-led Telegana Peasants' Rebellion in Hyderabad State of India, Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan led guerrilla war against the Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir capturing a largearea under Pakistan occupation, the Independence of India, the formation of Pakistan, carved out of British India for Indian muslims who did not want to remain citizen of Independent India, Angami Zapu Phizo led declaration of the independence of Nagaland from India only to be subdued by the Indian army, the Costa Rican Civil War, Korean reforms to end "feudalism.", the Malayan Emergency, and the  Great Communist-led Chinese Revolution under chairman Mao establishing the People's Republic of China (now with 1.5 billion people and the largest economy of the World in Grooss Domestic Product terms, though still very poor in per capita income that is double the per capita income of India).